Journal: BioMedical Engineering OnLine

Article Title: Real-time inverse kinematics for the upper limb: a model-based algorithm using segment orientations

doi: 10.1186/s12938-016-0291-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representations of the used upper limb model with reference poses and markers. a Screenshot taken from OpenSim while displaying the used full arm model. The reference configuration is shown as a shaded overlay on an actual example configuration determined by the joint angle vector [ \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\theta _\mathtt{{elv}}$$\end{document} θ elv = \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$0^\circ $$\end{document} 0 ∘ , \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\theta _\mathtt{{sh\_elv}}$$\end{document} θ sh _ elv = \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$63^\circ $$\end{document} 63 ∘ , \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\theta _\mathtt{{sh\_rot}}$$\end{document} θ sh _ rot = \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$15^\circ $$\end{document} 15 ∘ , \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\theta _\mathtt{{el\_flex}}$$\end{document} θ el _ flex = \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$95^\circ $$\end{document} 95 ∘ , \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\theta _\mathtt{{pro\_sup}}$$\end{document} θ pro _ sup = \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$-60^\circ $$\end{document} - 60 ∘ , \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\theta _\mathtt{{dev\_c}}$$\end{document} θ dev _ c = \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$0^\circ $$\end{document} 0 ∘ , \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\theta _\mathtt{{flex\_c}}$$\end{document} θ flex _ c = \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$20^\circ $$\end{document} 20 ∘ ]. b Representation of the model’s exported structure in MATLAB producing the same actual configuration as in sub-figure ( a ) using the developed forward kinematics function (functionally equivalent to OpenSim’s version). c Locations of prototype markers that are solely used to the reconstruction of model-defined anatomical joint angles with the proposed algorithm. d Locations of virtual markers that are used for the algorithm validation process by serving as inputs to OpenSim’s inverse kinematics tool directly

Article Snippet: PMx and VMx marker trajectories were calculated with our forward kinematics MATLAB function to generate simulated “measurement” data for the proposed algorithm and OpenSim Considering , singularity borders occur at locations where \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$c^2 = \xi $$\end{document} c = ξ , resulting in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$c_{1,2} = \pm \sqrt{\xi }$$\end{document} c 1 , = ± ξ .

Techniques: Plasmid Preparation, Biomarker Discovery

Journal: BioMedical Engineering OnLine

Article Title: Real-time inverse kinematics for the upper limb: a model-based algorithm using segment orientations

doi: 10.1186/s12938-016-0291-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative screenshot of the tool developed for visual inspection of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$F \left( {\theta _\mathtt{{flex}}}, \sigma \right) $$\end{document} F θ flex , σ [defined in ]. The interactive MATLAB script allows simulation of different user-defined wrist configurations through separate sliders for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\theta _\mathtt{{dev\_c}}$$\end{document} θ dev _ c and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\theta _\mathtt{{flex\_c}}$$\end{document} θ flex _ c while plotting all relevant information about the optimization problem. The two thinner vertical black lines located at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\pm 35 ^\circ $$\end{document} ± 35 ∘ indicate model-defined limits for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\theta _\mathtt{{flex}}$$\end{document} θ flex

Article Snippet: PMx and VMx marker trajectories were calculated with our forward kinematics MATLAB function to generate simulated “measurement” data for the proposed algorithm and OpenSim Considering , singularity borders occur at locations where \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$c^2 = \xi $$\end{document} c = ξ , resulting in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$c_{1,2} = \pm \sqrt{\xi }$$\end{document} c 1 , = ± ξ .

Techniques:

Journal: BioMedical Engineering OnLine

Article Title: Real-time inverse kinematics for the upper limb: a model-based algorithm using segment orientations

doi: 10.1186/s12938-016-0291-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative simulated movement pattern used for algorithm validation. Simulated movement patterns were generated to validate the proposed kinematic algorithm. 100 separate pseudo-random joint coordinate trajectories were constructed as 5th order Bézier-curves having 5 s duration and 100 Hz sampling frequency. PMx and VMx marker trajectories were calculated with our forward kinematics MATLAB function to generate simulated “measurement” data for the proposed algorithm and OpenSim

Article Snippet: PMx and VMx marker trajectories were calculated with our forward kinematics MATLAB function to generate simulated “measurement” data for the proposed algorithm and OpenSim Considering , singularity borders occur at locations where \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$c^2 = \xi $$\end{document} c = ξ , resulting in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$c_{1,2} = \pm \sqrt{\xi }$$\end{document} c 1 , = ± ξ .

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Generated, Construct, Sampling, Marker